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  • Abdrahamane Ben Essayouti is the head imam in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013. He says the jihadists who captured and controlled Timbuktu were not really Muslims, but rather terrorists.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-069.jpg
  • Abdrahamane Ben Essayouti is the head imam in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013. He says the jihadists who captured and controlled Timbuktu were not really Muslims, but rather terrorists.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-067.jpg
  • Abdrahamane Ben Essayouti is the head imam in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013. He says the jihadists who captured and controlled Timbuktu were not really Muslims, but rather terrorists.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-068.jpg
  • A woman carries food on her head while walking in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-083.jpg
  • Boys play soccer in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-080.jpg
  • Boys play soccer in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-074.jpg
  • Mariam Mohammed is a woman who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. She returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers. Here she sits in her one-room home in Timbuktu.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-161.jpg
  • Back home in Timbuktu, Mali, after a year of living in the nation's capital, Bamako, Aissata Kantao poses with her five children in the door of their home. They fled Timbuktu after the north of Mali was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. They returned in 2013 several months after it was liberated by French and Malian soldiers, but Kantao hasn't found work in the war-torn city.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-132.jpg
  • Maman Dedeou, 22, had his right hand amputated by Islamist radicals who seized his home town of Timbuktu in northern Mali in 2012. After he was accused of stealing a mattress, Dedeou's family paid fines to the jihadis for weeks, but when their ability to pay ran out, the Islamists cut off Dedeou's hand. He later fled to Bamako, the nation's capital, but returned to Timbuktu in April 2013, several weeks after it was liberated by French and Malian troops. He's currently looking for work.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-168.jpg
  • Ali Ould Bruye is a tailor who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. He and his family returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers. Here he works on the roof of his house in Timbuktu.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-154.jpg
  • Back home in Timbuktu, Mali, after a year of living in the nation's capital, Bamako, Aissata Kantao (right) jokes with a neighbor. Kantao and her five children fled Timbuktu after the north of Mali was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. She returned in 2013 several months after it was liberated by French and Malian soldiers, but hasn't found work in the war-torn city.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-134.jpg
  • Back home in Timbuktu, Mali, after a year of living in the nation's capital, Bamako, Aissata Kantao poses with her five children in front of their home. They fled Timbuktu after the north of Mali was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. They returned in 2013 several months after it was liberated by French and Malian soldiers, but Kantao hasn't found work in the war-torn city.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-133.jpg
  • Back home in Timbuktu, Mali, after a year of living in the nation's capital, Bamako, Aissata Kantao gets her hair worked on by her 8-year old daughter Mariam. Kantao and her five children fled Timbuktu after the north of Mali was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. She returned in 2013 several months after it was liberated by French and Malian soldiers, but hasn't found work in the war-torn city.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-129.jpg
  • A man cleans up boxes that once held ancient documents at the Ahmed Baba Institute in Timbuktu, Mali. The documents were burned by Islamist radicals who seized control of the city in 2012. Most of the ancient documents in the city went undetected or were smuggled out of Timbuktu in an elaborate rescue operation. The city was liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-105.jpg
  • Women walking in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-084.jpg
  • Boys play soccer in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-073.jpg
  • Maman Dedeou, 22, had his right hand amputated by Islamist radicals who seized his home town of Timbuktu in northern Mali in 2012. After he was accused of stealing a mattress, Dedeou's family paid fines to the jihadis for weeks, but when their ability to pay ran out, the Islamists cut off Dedeou's hand. He later fled to Bamako, the nation's capital, but returned to Timbuktu in April 2013, several weeks after it was liberated by French and Malian troops. He's currently looking for work.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-169.jpg
  • Maman Dedeou, 22, had his right hand amputated by Islamist radicals who seized his home town of Timbuktu in northern Mali in 2012. After he was accused of stealing a mattress, Dedeou's family paid fines to the jihadis for weeks, but when their ability to pay ran out, the Islamists cut off Dedeou's hand. He later fled to Bamako, the nation's capital, but returned to Timbuktu in April 2013, several weeks after it was liberated by French and Malian troops. He's currently looking for work.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-167.jpg
  • A boy in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-077.jpg
  • Boys stretch and do exercises before playing soccer in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-075.jpg
  • A Malian soldier talks to residents in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-070.jpg
  • Maman Dedeou, 22, had his right hand amputated by Islamist radicals who seized his home town of Timbuktu in northern Mali in 2012. After he was accused of stealing a mattress, Dedeou's family paid fines to the jihadis for weeks, but when their ability to pay ran out, the Islamists cut off Dedeou's hand. He later fled to Bamako, the nation's capital, but returned to Timbuktu in April 2013, several weeks after it was liberated by French and Malian troops. He's currently looking for work.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-166.jpg
  • Mariam Mohammed is a woman who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. She returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers. Here she sits in the doorway of her one-room home in Timbuktu.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-160.jpg
  • Ali Ould Bruye is a tailor who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. He and his family returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers. Here he works on the roof of his house in Timbuktu.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-158.jpg
  • Ali Ould Bruye is a tailor who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. He and his family returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers. Here he works on the roof of his house in Timbuktu.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-157.jpg
  • Ali Ould Bruye is a tailor who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. He and his family returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers. Here he works on the roof of his house in Timbuktu.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-155.jpg
  • Back home in Timbuktu, Mali, after a year of living in the nation's capital, Bamako, Aissata Kantao gets her hair worked on by her 8-year old daughter Mariam. Kantao and her five children fled Timbuktu after the north of Mali was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. She returned in 2013 several months after it was liberated by French and Malian soldiers, but hasn't found work in the war-torn city.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-128.jpg
  • A man cleans up boxes that once held ancient documents at the Ahmed Baba Institute in Timbuktu, Mali. The documents were burned by Islamist radicals who seized control of the city in 2012. Most of the ancient documents in the city went undetected or were smuggled out of Timbuktu in an elaborate rescue operation. The city was liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-106.jpg
  • A boy in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-078.jpg
  • A boy harvests clean desert sand, loading it on donkeys for transport to construction sites in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-076.jpg
  • Wearing a shirt with an image of US President Barack Obama, a boy carries water in a bucket on his head in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-072.jpg
  • Cisse Al-Husseini, age 9, licks the remaining porridge from a pot in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The boy belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-189.jpg
  • A man cleans up boxes that once held ancient documents at the Ahmed Baba Institute in Timbuktu, Mali. The documents were burned by Islamist radicals who seized control of the city in 2012. Most of the ancient documents in the city went undetected or were smuggled out of Timbuktu in an elaborate rescue operation. The city was liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-107.jpg
  • Women walking in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-082.jpg
  • Women walking in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-081.jpg
  • Boys harvest clean desert sand, loading it on donkeys for transport to construction sites in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-079.jpg
  • A boy sells food in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-071.jpg
  • Ali Ould Bruye is a tailor who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. He and his family returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers. Here he works on the roof of his house in Timbuktu.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-156.jpg
  • Cisse Al-Husseini, age 9, eats the remaining porridge from a pot in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The boy belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-190.jpg
  • Boys sleeping outside in the early morning heat in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. They belong to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-173.jpg
  • A woman feeds her child outside the family's home in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This family belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-088.jpg
  • A woman grinds grain to feed her family in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-192.jpg
  • Cisse Al-Husseini, age 9, eats the remaining porridge from a pot in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The boy belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-188.jpg
  • Cisse Al-Husseini, age 9, eats the remaining porridge from a pot in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The boy belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-187.jpg
  • A woman prepares food in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-183.jpg
  • A woman checks her mobile phone in front of her simple shelter in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-182.jpg
  • A woman checks her mobile phone in front of her simple shelter in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-181.jpg
  • A boy and two donkeys in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  The boy belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-180.jpg
  • A woman and child in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  They belong to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-179.jpg
  • A woman and child in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  They belong to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-176.jpg
  • A girl in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-174.jpg
  • A woman and child in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  They belong to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-178.jpg
  • A man feeds goats while a woman prepares food in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  The couple belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-184.jpg
  • Cisse Al-Husseini, age 9, eats the remaining porridge from a pot in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The boy belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-186.jpg
  • A young Muslim man prays in front of his family's tent in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. He belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-172.jpg
  • Cisse Al-Husseini, age 9, licks the remaining porridge from a pot in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The boy belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-185.jpg
  • A woman and child in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  They belong to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-177.jpg
  • A woman in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-175.jpg
  • A boy eats outside his family's tent in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This boy belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-087.jpg
  • Girls playing in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-239.jpg
  • A woman grinds grain to feed her family in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-191.jpg
  • Fadimoutou Dicko (left), along with Ghaichatou Dicko, prepares food for children at a school in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadi occupation, schools were first closed but then allowed to reopen only if boys and girls were strictly separated. The ACT Alliance has provided this group of women with cereal grains, oil and salt to help them provide nutritious food for the children.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-143.jpg
  • A girl jumps rope in a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-256.jpg
  • A woman drinks tea in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This woman belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-097.jpg
  • A bowl balanced on her head, a girl walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadist rule, women and girls were beaten if they went into public without being completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-279.jpg
  • Girls playing in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-242.jpg
  • Children run through the street early on a Friday morning in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered. On Friday mornings the children make the rounds of houses where they receive sweets.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-253.jpg
  • Girls playing in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-238.jpg
  • A woman rides a donkey in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-153.jpg
  • Abdoulaye Cisse, the interim director of the Ahmed Baba Institute in Timbuktu, Mali, displays ancient Islamic manuscripts that went undetected by militant Islamists, who seized control of the city in 2012, and destroyed any such documents they could find. The city was liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. Most of the city's thousands of ancient manuscripts were smuggled out of the region under the nose of the jihadis.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-139.jpg
  • A boy writes on the blackboard during a class in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-119.jpg
  • A woman walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During jihadist rule, women and girls were not permitted in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-275.jpg
  • A man reads the Koran in front of his home in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-262.jpg
  • A woman laughs in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-249.jpg
  • Girls walking in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-247.jpg
  • A boy copies Koranic verses in a Muslim school in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-244.jpg
  • Girls playing in the liberated streets of Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-237.jpg
  • Girls playing in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-235.jpg
  • A man drives a donkey-drawn cart through the streets of Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-163.jpg
  • Mariam Mohammed is a woman who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. She returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-162.jpg
  • Two women from two classes walk along a street in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The woman on the left is a member of the Bella ethnic group, who often work as servants, even slaves, to other dominant ethnic groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-150.jpg
  • A Malian soldier on patrol in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-152.jpg
  • Ghaichatou Dicko (right), along with Fadimoutou Dicko, prepares food for children at a school in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadi occupation, schools were first closed but then allowed to reopen only if boys and girls were strictly separated. The ACT Alliance has provided this group of women with cereal grains, oil and salt to help them provide nutritious food for the children.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-145.jpg
  • Abdoulaye Cisse, the interim director of the Ahmed Baba Institute in Timbuktu, Mali, inspects ancient Islamic manuscripts that went undetected by militant Islamists, who seized control of the city in 2012, and destroyed any such documents they could find. The city was liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. Most of the city's thousands of ancient manuscripts were smuggled out of the region under the nose of the jihadis.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-135.jpg
  • Students in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-127.jpg
  • A boy cleans the blackboard during a class in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-125.jpg
  • A girl writes on the blackboard during a class in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-122.jpg
  • A girl in class in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-118.jpg
  • Students in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-115.jpg
  • A girl in class in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-117.jpg
  • A woman and girl walk along a street in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-111.jpg
  • A girl in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This girl belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-101.jpg
  • A girl in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This girl belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-099.jpg
  • A woman in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This woman belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-096.jpg
  • A girl cleans the sand in front of her family's shelter in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This girl belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-092.jpg
  • A bowl balanced on her head, a girl walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadist rule, women and girls were beaten if they went into public without being completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-280.jpg
  • A small child crawls along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-277.jpg
  • Followed by one child, a woman greets another along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-276.jpg
  • A man pushes a cart along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-274.jpg
  • Carrying water on her head, a woman walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During jihadist rule, women and girls were not permitted in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-273.jpg
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