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  • A man pushes a cart along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-274.jpg
  • A woman prepares food in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This woman belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-102.jpg
  • A girl gets water along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During jihadist rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-264.jpg
  • A girl jumps rope in a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-256.jpg
  • A woman lays out her products to sell in the market in Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-220.jpg
  • Students in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-113.jpg
  • A woman drinks tea in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This woman belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-097.jpg
  • A woman carries food on her head while walking in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-083.jpg
  • Boys harvest clean desert sand, loading it on donkeys for transport to construction sites in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-079.jpg
  • Boys play soccer in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-080.jpg
  • Girls playing in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-235.jpg
  • Mohamed Ag Aldjoumett, age 10, digs clay to make bricks for his family's home in Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The Sahel region has been affected by a food crisis for years, often exacerbated by severe droughts.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-210.jpg
  • Ibrahim Mohamed works in a rice field outside Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-204.jpg
  • Mariam Mohammed is a woman who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. She returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-162.jpg
  • Carrying water on her head, a woman walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During jihadist rule, women and girls were not permitted in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-273.jpg
  • Girls playing in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-239.jpg
  • A Malian soldier on patrol in Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-232.jpg
  • Cisse Al-Husseini, age 9, licks the remaining porridge from a pot in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The boy belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-189.jpg
  • A woman checks her mobile phone in front of her simple shelter in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-181.jpg
  • Fadimoutou Dicko (left), along with Ghaichatou Dicko, prepares food for children at a school in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadi occupation, schools were first closed but then allowed to reopen only if boys and girls were strictly separated. The ACT Alliance has provided this group of women with cereal grains, oil and salt to help them provide nutritious food for the children.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-143.jpg
  • Abdoulaye Cisse, the interim director of the Ahmed Baba Institute in Timbuktu, Mali, inspects ancient Islamic manuscripts that went undetected by militant Islamists, who seized control of the city in 2012, and destroyed any such documents they could find. The city was liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. Most of the city's thousands of ancient manuscripts were smuggled out of the region under the nose of the jihadis.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-136.jpg
  • A boy plays in front of graffiti in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-112.jpg
  • Boys play soccer in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-074.jpg
  • A woman checks her mobile phone in front of her simple shelter in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-182.jpg
  • Students in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-114.jpg
  • A woman washes dishes in front of her family's tent in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This woman belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-095.jpg
  • Children run through the street early on a Friday morning in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered. On Friday mornings the children make the rounds of houses where they receive sweets.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-253.jpg
  • Girls walking in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-247.jpg
  • Girls playing in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-238.jpg
  • Mohamed Ag Aldjoumett, age 10, digs clay to make bricks for his family's home in Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The Sahel region has been affected by a food crisis for years, often exacerbated by severe droughts.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-213.jpg
  • Cisse Al-Husseini, age 9, eats the remaining porridge from a pot in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The boy belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-188.jpg
  • A woman and child in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  They belong to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-176.jpg
  • A woman rides a donkey in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-153.jpg
  • Ghaichatou Dicko (right), along with Fadimoutou Dicko, prepares food for children at a school in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadi occupation, schools were first closed but then allowed to reopen only if boys and girls were strictly separated. The ACT Alliance has provided this group of women with cereal grains, oil and salt to help them provide nutritious food for the children.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-145.jpg
  • Abdoulaye Cisse, the interim director of the Ahmed Baba Institute in Timbuktu, Mali, displays ancient Islamic manuscripts that went undetected by militant Islamists, who seized control of the city in 2012, and destroyed any such documents they could find. The city was liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. Most of the city's thousands of ancient manuscripts were smuggled out of the region under the nose of the jihadis.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-139.jpg
  • A boy writes on the blackboard during a class in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-119.jpg
  • A girl in class in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-117.jpg
  • A man walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-269.jpg
  • A man reads the Koran in front of his home in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-262.jpg
  • Boys play marbles in a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-259.jpg
  • A girl in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-254.jpg
  • Hady Mahamane is a women's leader and vice-mayor in Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-228.jpg
  • A man uses a stick to guide his donkey in Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-224.jpg
  • A baby rests on its mother's back in Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-226.jpg
  • A woman prepares food in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-183.jpg
  • Ali Ould Bruye is a tailor who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. He and his family returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers. Here he works on the roof of his house in Timbuktu.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-158.jpg
  • A woman in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-149.jpg
  • A girl in class in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-118.jpg
  • A woman and girl walk along a street in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-111.jpg
  • A man cleans up boxes that once held ancient documents at the Ahmed Baba Institute in Timbuktu, Mali. The documents were burned by Islamist radicals who seized control of the city in 2012. Most of the ancient documents in the city went undetected or were smuggled out of Timbuktu in an elaborate rescue operation. The city was liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-105.jpg
  • A girl in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This girl belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-099.jpg
  • A bowl balanced on her head, a girl walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadist rule, women and girls were beaten if they went into public without being completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-279.jpg
  • A small child crawls along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-277.jpg
  • A woman walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During jihadist rule, women and girls were not permitted in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-275.jpg
  • Carrying water on her head, a woman walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During jihadist rule, women and girls were not permitted in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-272.jpg
  • Carrying a bucket of trash on his head, a boy walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-270.jpg
  • A street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-265.jpg
  • A street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-266.jpg
  • A man reads the Koran in front of his home in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-260.jpg
  • A girl jumps rope in a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-257.jpg
  • A woman cooks bread early in the morning in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-250.jpg
  • Girls walking in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-246.jpg
  • Girls playing in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-241.jpg
  • Girls playing in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-242.jpg
  • A woman walks in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-243.jpg
  • Girls playing in the liberated streets of Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-237.jpg
  • A woman lays out dried fish to sell in the market in Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-219.jpg
  • Mohamed Ag Aldjoumett, age 10, digs clay to make bricks for his family's home in Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The Sahel region has been affected by a food crisis for years, often exacerbated by severe droughts.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-217.jpg
  • Mohamed Ag Aldjoumett, age 10, pauses from digging clay to make bricks for his family's home in Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The Sahel region has been affected by a food crisis for years, often exacerbated by severe droughts.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-214.jpg
  • A woman grinds grain to feed her family in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-191.jpg
  • A girl in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-174.jpg
  • Maman Dedeou, 22, had his right hand amputated by Islamist radicals who seized his home town of Timbuktu in northern Mali in 2012. After he was accused of stealing a mattress, Dedeou's family paid fines to the jihadis for weeks, but when their ability to pay ran out, the Islamists cut off Dedeou's hand. He later fled to Bamako, the nation's capital, but returned to Timbuktu in April 2013, several weeks after it was liberated by French and Malian troops. He's currently looking for work.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-169.jpg
  • A  boy carries sand on his head for use in construction in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-164.jpg
  • Mariam Mohammed is a woman who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. She returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers. Here she sits in her one-room home in Timbuktu.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-161.jpg
  • Ali Ould Bruye is a tailor who fled Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali, when it was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. He and his family returned home in May, 2013, after the city and region had been liberated by French and Malian soldiers. Here he works on the roof of his house in Timbuktu.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-156.jpg
  • Ghaichatou Dicko stirs porridge that she and Aichatou Boiny (right) and Fadimoutou Dicko are preparing for children at a school in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadi occupation, schools were first closed but then allowed to reopen only if boys and girls were strictly separated. The ACT Alliance has provided this group of women with cereal grains, oil and salt to help them provide nutritious food for the children.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-142.jpg
  • Ghaichatou Dicko (right), along with Aichatou Boiny (left) and Fadimoutou Dicko, prepare food for children at a school in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadi occupation, schools were first closed but then allowed to reopen only if boys and girls were strictly separated. The ACT Alliance has provided this group of women with cereal grains, oil and salt to help them provide nutritious food for the children.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-141.jpg
  • Abdoulaye Cisse, the interim director of the Ahmed Baba Institute in Timbuktu, Mali, inspects ancient Islamic manuscripts that went undetected by militant Islamists, who seized control of the city in 2012, and destroyed any such documents they could find. The city was liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. Most of the city's thousands of ancient manuscripts were smuggled out of the region under the nose of the jihadis.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-137.jpg
  • Back home in Timbuktu, Mali, after a year of living in the nation's capital, Bamako, Aissata Kantao poses with her five children in the door of their home. They fled Timbuktu after the north of Mali was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. They returned in 2013 several months after it was liberated by French and Malian soldiers, but Kantao hasn't found work in the war-torn city.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-132.jpg
  • Back home in Timbuktu, Mali, after a year of living in the nation's capital, Bamako, Aissata Kantao (right) jokes with a neighbor. Kantao and her five children fled Timbuktu after the north of Mali was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. She returned in 2013 several months after it was liberated by French and Malian soldiers, but hasn't found work in the war-torn city.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-134.jpg
  • Back home in Timbuktu, Mali, after a year of living in the nation's capital, Bamako, Aissata Kantao poses with her five children in front of their home. They fled Timbuktu after the north of Mali was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012. They returned in 2013 several months after it was liberated by French and Malian soldiers, but Kantao hasn't found work in the war-torn city.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-133.jpg
  • A boy cleans the blackboard during a class in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-125.jpg
  • Students in the Bahadon Second Cycle School in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The jihadis first banned all schools, then under pressure from the community, allowed them to open but with separate classes for boys and girls.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-121.jpg
  • A man in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This man belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-100.jpg
  • A girl cleans the sand in front of her family's shelter in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This girl belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-092.jpg
  • A boy drives a donkey cart filled with firewood in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-085.jpg
  • A boy in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-077.jpg
  • A boy sells food in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city captured by Islamist forces in 2012 and liberated by French and Malian soldiers in 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-071.jpg
  • Girls playing in the street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadists' rule, women and girls were not allowed in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-234.jpg
  • Mohamed Ag Alhad is a farmer in Toya, a village in northern Mali near Timbuktu. The region was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-207.jpg
  • Cisse Al-Husseini, age 9, licks the remaining porridge from a pot in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. The boy belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-185.jpg
  • A woman in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.  She belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by Timbuktu's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-175.jpg
  • A girl carries mangoes on her head in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-171.jpg
  • Ghaichatou Dicko (right), along with Fadimoutou Dicko, prepares food for children at a school in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadi occupation, schools were first closed but then allowed to reopen only if boys and girls were strictly separated. The ACT Alliance has provided this group of women with cereal grains, oil and salt to help them provide nutritious food for the children.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-144.jpg
  • A woman washes dishes in front of her family's tent in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali which was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. This woman belongs to the Bella ethnic group, which has traditionally been exploited by the region's lighter-skinned groups.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-094.jpg
  • A bowl balanced on her head, a girl walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadist rule, women and girls were beaten if they went into public without being completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-280.jpg
  • A small child crawls along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-278.jpg
  • A woman walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During jihadist rule, women and girls were not permitted in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-268.jpg
  • Followed by her children, a woman walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During jihadist rule, women and children were not allowed in public unless completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-267.jpg
  • A woman walks along a street in Timbuktu, the northern Mali city that was seized by Islamist fighters in 2012 and then liberated by French and Malian soldiers in early 2013. During the jihadis' rule, girls and women could not appear in public unless they were completely covered.
    mali-2013-jeffrey-258.jpg
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