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  • Banana production at the São Pedro quilombo in São Paulo state.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_740.jpg
  • A stream of water at the Meu Deus waterfall in Sapatú quilombo.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_567.jpg
  • The Meu Deus waterfall in the Sapatú quilombo, São Paulo state, Brazil.<br />
<br />
Debora walks across a makeshift bridge, she is an activist in the Movement of People Affected by Dams (Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens, MAB) who are in active resistance against new dams in the region, to protect water resources like this.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. <br />
<br />
While the world is slowly agreeing with the scientific community on man's contribution to climate change through emissions, the implementation of large-scale hydroelectric projects has massive impacts on water resources, and the indigenous and quilombo communities that depend on them.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_593.jpg
  • A bridge on the streams at the Meu Deus waterfall in Sapatú quilombo.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_549.jpg
  • Pedro Cubas is one of many quilombos that is taking part in the Movement of People Affected by Dams (Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens, MAB) who are in active resistance against new dams in the region. The quilombo sits on the small river also called Pedro Cubas.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.<br />
<br />
When the owner of the Caiacanga farm died in the 18th century, the slaves he owned disappeared and hid in the forest, one of them was Gregorio Marinho who established the Pedro Cubas quilombo with other escaped slaves from farms and the gold mines in the region.<br />
<br />
The Pedro Cubas community has 3,800 hectares and around 60 families and 230 people, most of them under 15.<br />
<br />
The community farms collectively to produce cassava, yam, sweet potato, corn, beans, banana and sugar cane. <br />
<br />
Like many quilombos, it is remote. For centuries, rivers were the main means of transport, so the closer a quilombo community was to a large river, the greater the likelihood of being discovered and destroyed. The 5000 quilombos that survived are mainly in hinterlands and access can be difficult. To reach Pedro Cubas the river to cross on the only way in is using a ferry that is operated without an engine, using only the flow of the river.<br />
<br />
The lands of Pedro Cubas were partially titled in 2003 by the government of the State of São Paulo. But, despite the decree, non-quilombola occupants remain in the area.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_532.jpg
  • A girl jumps into the Pedro Cubas river.<br />
<br />
Pedro Cubas is one of many quilombos that is taking part in the Movement of People Affected by Dams (Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens, MAB) who are in active resistance against new dams in the region. The quilombo sits on the small river also called Pedro Cubas.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.<br />
<br />
When the owner of the Caiacanga farm died in the 18th century, the slaves he owned disappeared and hid in the forest, one of them was Gregorio Marinho who established the Pedro Cubas quilombo with other escaped slaves from farms and the gold mines in the region.<br />
<br />
The Pedro Cubas community has 3,800 hectares and around 60 families and 230 people, most of them under 15.<br />
<br />
The community farms collectively to produce cassava, yam, sweet potato, corn, beans, banana and sugar cane. <br />
<br />
Like many quilombos, it is remote. For centuries, rivers were the main means of transport, so the closer a quilombo community was to a large river, the greater the likelihood of being discovered and destroyed. The 5000 quilombos that survived are mainly in hinterlands and access can be difficult. To reach Pedro Cubas the river to cross on the only way in is using a ferry that is operated without an engine, using only the flow of the river.<br />
<br />
The lands of Pedro Cubas were partially titled in 2003 by the government of the State of São Paulo. But, despite the decree, non-quilombola occupants remain in the area.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_415.jpg
  • A boy in the Pedro Cubas river.<br />
<br />
Pedro Cubas is one of many quilombos that is taking part in the Movement of People Affected by Dams (Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens, MAB) who are in active resistance against new dams in the region. The quilombo sits on the small river also called Pedro Cubas.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.<br />
<br />
When the owner of the Caiacanga farm died in the 18th century, the slaves he owned disappeared and hid in the forest, one of them was Gregorio Marinho who established the Pedro Cubas quilombo with other escaped slaves from farms and the gold mines in the region.<br />
<br />
The Pedro Cubas community has 3,800 hectares and around 60 families and 230 people, most of them under 15.<br />
<br />
The community farms collectively to produce cassava, yam, sweet potato, corn, beans, banana and sugar cane. <br />
<br />
Like many quilombos, it is remote. For centuries, rivers were the main means of transport, so the closer a quilombo community was to a large river, the greater the likelihood of being discovered and destroyed. The 5000 quilombos that survived are mainly in hinterlands and access can be difficult. To reach Pedro Cubas the river to cross on the only way in is using a ferry that is operated without an engine, using only the flow of the river.<br />
<br />
The lands of Pedro Cubas were partially titled in 2003 by the government of the State of São Paulo. But, despite the decree, non-quilombola occupants remain in the area.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_503.jpg
  • A boy plays in a stream that feeds the Pedro Cubas river in Pedro Cubas quilombo.<br />
<br />
Pedro Cubas is one of many quilombos that is taking part in the Movement of People Affected by Dams (Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens, MAB) who are in active resistance against new dams in the region. The quilombo sits on the small river also called Pedro Cubas.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.<br />
<br />
When the owner of the Caiacanga farm died in the 18th century, the slaves he owned disappeared and hid in the forest, one of them was Gregorio Marinho who established the Pedro Cubas quilombo with other escaped slaves from farms and the gold mines in the region.<br />
<br />
The Pedro Cubas community has 3,800 hectares and around 60 families and 230 people, most of them under 15.<br />
<br />
The community farms collectively to produce cassava, yam, sweet potato, corn, beans, banana and sugar cane. <br />
<br />
Like many quilombos, it is remote. For centuries, rivers were the main means of transport, so the closer a quilombo community was to a large river, the greater the likelihood of being discovered and destroyed. The 5000 quilombos that survived are mainly in hinterlands and access can be difficult. To reach Pedro Cubas the river to cross on the only way in is using a ferry that is operated without an engine, using only the flow of the river.<br />
<br />
The lands of Pedro Cubas were partially titled in 2003 by the government of the State of São Paulo. But, despite the decree, non-quilombola occupants remain in the area.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_164.jpg
  • Debora is an activist in the Movement of People Affected by Dams (Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens, MAB) who are in active resistance against new dams in the region. She is from the Sao Pedro quilombo in Sao Paulo State. She speaks here at the Meu Deus waterfall in Sapatú quilombo about the importance of stopping the construction of dams on the Ribeira do Vale .<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_193.jpg
  • A boy plays in a stream that feeds the Pedro Cubas river in Pedro Cubas quilombo.<br />
<br />
Pedro Cubas is one of many quilombos that is taking part in the Movement of People Affected by Dams (Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens, MAB) who are in active resistance against new dams in the region. The quilombo sits on the small river also called Pedro Cubas.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.<br />
<br />
When the owner of the Caiacanga farm died in the 18th century, the slaves he owned disappeared and hid in the forest, one of them was Gregorio Marinho who established the Pedro Cubas quilombo with other escaped slaves from farms and the gold mines in the region.<br />
<br />
The Pedro Cubas community has 3,800 hectares and around 60 families and 230 people, most of them under 15.<br />
<br />
The community farms collectively to produce cassava, yam, sweet potato, corn, beans, banana and sugar cane. <br />
<br />
Like many quilombos, it is remote. For centuries, rivers were the main means of transport, so the closer a quilombo community was to a large river, the greater the likelihood of being discovered and destroyed. The 5000 quilombos that survived are mainly in hinterlands and access can be difficult. To reach Pedro Cubas the river to cross on the only way in is using a ferry that is operated without an engine, using only the flow of the river.<br />
<br />
The lands of Pedro Cubas were partially titled in 2003 by the government of the State of São Paulo. But, despite the decree, non-quilombola occupants remain in the area.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_131.jpg
  • Antonio Jorge, a leader of the Pedro Cubas quilombo.<br />
<br />
Pedro Cubas is one of many quilombos that is taking part in the Movement of People Affected by Dams (Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens, MAB) who are in active resistance against new dams in the region. The quilombo sits on the small river also called Pedro Cubas.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.<br />
<br />
When the owner of the Caiacanga farm died in the 18th century, the slaves he owned disappeared and hid in the forest, one of them was Gregorio Marinho who established the Pedro Cubas quilombo with other escaped slaves from farms and the gold mines in the region.<br />
<br />
The Pedro Cubas community has 3,800 hectares and around 60 families and 230 people, most of them under 15.<br />
<br />
The community farms collectively to produce cassava, yam, sweet potato, corn, beans, banana and sugar cane. <br />
<br />
Like many quilombos, it is remote. For centuries, rivers were the main means of transport, so the closer a quilombo community was to a large river, the greater the likelihood of being discovered and destroyed. The 5000 quilombos that survived are mainly in hinterlands and access can be difficult. To reach Pedro Cubas the river to cross on the only way in is using a ferry that is operated without an engine, using only the flow of the river.<br />
<br />
The lands of Pedro Cubas were partially titled in 2003 by the government of the State of São Paulo. But, despite the decree, non-quilombola occupants remain in the area.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_124.jpg
  • Banana production at the São Pedro quilombo in São Paulo state.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_749.jpg
  • Pedro Cubas is one of many quilombos that is taking part in the Movement of People Affected by Dams (Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens, MAB) who are in active resistance against new dams in the region. The quilombo sits on the small river also called Pedro Cubas.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.<br />
<br />
When the owner of the Caiacanga farm died in the 18th century, the slaves he owned disappeared and hid in the forest, one of them was Gregorio Marinho who established the Pedro Cubas quilombo with other escaped slaves from farms and the gold mines in the region.<br />
<br />
The Pedro Cubas community has 3,800 hectares and around 60 families and 230 people, most of them under 15.<br />
<br />
The community farms collectively to produce cassava, yam, sweet potato, corn, beans, banana and sugar cane. <br />
<br />
Like many quilombos, it is remote. For centuries, rivers were the main means of transport, so the closer a quilombo community was to a large river, the greater the likelihood of being discovered and destroyed. The 5000 quilombos that survived are mainly in hinterlands and access can be difficult. To reach Pedro Cubas the river to cross on the only way in is using a ferry that is operated without an engine, using only the flow of the river.<br />
<br />
The lands of Pedro Cubas were partially titled in 2003 by the government of the State of São Paulo. But, despite the decree, non-quilombola occupants remain in the area.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_087.jpg
  • Pedro Cubas is one of many quilombos that is taking part in the Movement of People Affected by Dams (Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens, MAB) who are in active resistance against new dams in the region. The quilombo sits on the small river also called Pedro Cubas.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.<br />
<br />
When the owner of the Caiacanga farm died in the 18th century, the slaves he owned disappeared and hid in the forest, one of them was Gregorio Marinho who established the Pedro Cubas quilombo with other escaped slaves from farms and the gold mines in the region.<br />
<br />
The Pedro Cubas community has 3,800 hectares and around 60 families and 230 people, most of them under 15.<br />
<br />
The community farms collectively to produce cassava, yam, sweet potato, corn, beans, banana and sugar cane. <br />
<br />
Like many quilombos, it is remote. For centuries, rivers were the main means of transport, so the closer a quilombo community was to a large river, the greater the likelihood of being discovered and destroyed. The 5000 quilombos that survived are mainly in hinterlands and access can be difficult. To reach Pedro Cubas the river to cross on the only way in is using a ferry that is operated without an engine, using only the flow of the river.<br />
<br />
The lands of Pedro Cubas were partially titled in 2003 by the government of the State of São Paulo. But, despite the decree, non-quilombola occupants remain in the area.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_104.jpg
  • Pedro Cubas is one of many quilombos that is taking part in the Movement of People Affected by Dams (Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens, MAB) who are in active resistance against new dams in the region. The quilombo sits on the small river also called Pedro Cubas.<br />
<br />
Quilombos are remote hinterland settlements in Brazil set up by escaped slaves of African origin. Though most of them were destroyed by slave owners and the Brazilian state, today there are around 5,000 recognised quilombos in Brazil. Slavery was legal in Brazil for four centuries and some five million slaves were brought to Brazil, most of them from the Angola area. Today the largest population of people of African descent in the world, with the exception of Nigeria, is Brazil.<br />
<br />
When the owner of the Caiacanga farm died in the 18th century, the slaves he owned disappeared and hid in the forest, one of them was Gregorio Marinho who established the Pedro Cubas quilombo with other escaped slaves from farms and the gold mines in the region.<br />
<br />
The Pedro Cubas community has 3,800 hectares and around 60 families and 230 people, most of them under 15.<br />
<br />
The community farms collectively to produce cassava, yam, sweet potato, corn, beans, banana and sugar cane. <br />
<br />
Like many quilombos, it is remote. For centuries, rivers were the main means of transport, so the closer a quilombo community was to a large river, the greater the likelihood of being discovered and destroyed. The 5000 quilombos that survived are mainly in hinterlands and access can be difficult. To reach Pedro Cubas the river to cross on the only way in is using a ferry that is operated without an engine, using only the flow of the river.<br />
<br />
The lands of Pedro Cubas were partially titled in 2003 by the government of the State of São Paulo. But, despite the decree, non-quilombola occupants remain in the area.
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170914_084.jpg
  • Joenia Wapichana speaks to a community gathering in Boa Vista, the capital of Brazil's Roraima State. She is the first indigenous lawyer in Brazil and the first indigenous woman elected to the Chamber of Deputies. She is a member of the Wapixana tribe of northern Brazil.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-boavista-E18.jpg
  • Joenia Wapichana speaks to a community gathering in Boa Vista, the capital of Brazil's Roraima State. She is the first indigenous lawyer in Brazil and the first indigenous woman elected to the Chamber of Deputies. She is a member of the Wapixana tribe of northern Brazil.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-boavista-E41.jpg
  • Joenia Wapichana speaks to a community gathering in Boa Vista, the capital of Brazil's Roraima State. She is the first indigenous lawyer in Brazil and the first indigenous woman elected to the Chamber of Deputies. She is a member of the Wapixana tribe of northern Brazil.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-boavista-E27.jpg
  • Joenia Wapichana speaks to a community gathering in Boa Vista, the capital of Brazil's Roraima State. She is the first indigenous lawyer in Brazil and the first indigenous woman elected to the Chamber of Deputies. She is a member of the Wapixana tribe of northern Brazil.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-boavista-E18 1.jpg
  • Paulo da Silva Bezerra, 56, has watched his small farm in the village of Alive, outside Santarem, Brazil, quickly be surrounded by soy plantations. Soy cultivation is rapidly expanding throughout Brazil. Most of it is shipped to China. Da Silva complains that spray from the soy fields have damaged the fruit trees and other crops on his farm.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T524.jpg
  • David Guimares, 9, stands at the fence separating his village from huge fields of soybeans that have taken over community land in the Quilombo Bom Jardim, outside Santarem, Brazil. Soy is being planted throughout Brazil. Most of it is shipped to China.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T501.jpg
  • Valdis Santos de Marang, 11, stands at the fence separating his village from huge fields of soybeans that have taken over community land in the Quilombo Bom Jardim, outside Santarem, Brazil. Soy is being planted throughout Brazil. Most of it is shipped to China.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T491.jpg
  • Fishing boats at Registro, São Paulo, Brazil. The Ribeira de Iguape is the largest river in São Paulo State, 470kms long and is unusual in the region because it has no dams on it, but dams are planned here. Organised opposition to the dams has stopped a dam being built at Tijuco Alto already, and is actively opposed to the building of another three proposed dams in the area.<br />
<br />
The Movement by People Affected by Dams, (Movimento dos Atingidos por Baragems, MAB) says that the construction of dams and the flooding of valleys forces the displacement of people particularly indigenous groups and quilombolos (members of the 5,000+ historical rural communities begun by escaped slaves) and destoys livelihoods. Many of those most affected are indigenous people, quilombolos, poor farmers, landless workers, fishermen, who are not consulted, yet their lives are affected or their livelihoods ruiined by dams.<br />
<br />
Because of climate change we have an increase in extreme weather events, droughts and floods, and new records are being set for heavy rainfall, We can get so much rain that dams can collapse. Disasters are quite rare because  flood gates can be opened, but opening floodgates also causes flooding, it can cause damage and destruction of building and towns and crops, it can ruin livelihoods and kill people. In São Paulo state, because of heavy rainfall, floodgates were recently opened on nearby Capivari river at the UHE Perigot de Souza dam, flooding Eldorado and other towns. The company that owns the dam (Copel - Companhia Paranaense de Energia)  denies responsability for the damages.<br />
<br />
Sustainable renewable energy is preferable to emission-creating fossil fuel burning, but the human, cultural and environmental cost of giant hydroelectric projects is high and needs to be considered much more carefully. Successive governments in Brazil have made decisions to hand over land to privately-owned energy companies, and their main motivation is profit, not the wellbeing of Brazilian
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170913_007.jpg
  • Under the bridge in Registro, São Paulo, Brazil. The Ribeira de Iguape is the largest river in São Paulo State, 470kms long and is unusual in the region because it has no dams on it, but dams are planned here. Organised opposition to the dams has stopped a dam being built at Tijuco Alto already, and is actively opposed to the building of another three proposed dams in the area.<br />
<br />
The Movement by People Affected by Dams, (Movimento dos Atingidos por Baragems, MAB) says that the construction of dams and the flooding of valleys forces the displacement of people particularly indigenous groups and quilombolos (members of the 5,000+ historical rural communities begun by escaped slaves) and destoys livelihoods. Many of those most affected are indigenous people, quilombolos, poor farmers, landless workers, fishermen, who are not consulted, yet their lives are affected or their livelihoods ruiined by dams.<br />
<br />
Because of climate change we have an increase in extreme weather events, droughts and floods, and new records are being set for heavy rainfall, We can get so much rain that dams can collapse. Disasters are quite rare because  flood gates can be opened, but opening floodgates also causes flooding, it can cause damage and destruction of building and towns and crops, it can ruin livelihoods and kill people. In São Paulo state, because of heavy rainfall, floodgates were recently opened on nearby Capivari river at the UHE Perigot de Souza dam, flooding Eldorado and other towns. The company that owns the dam (Copel - Companhia Paranaense de Energia)  denies responsability for the damages.<br />
<br />
Sustainable renewable energy is preferable to emission-creating fossil fuel burning, but the human, cultural and environmental cost of giant hydroelectric projects is high and needs to be considered much more carefully. Successive governments in Brazil have made decisions to hand over land to privately-owned energy companies, and their main motivation is profit, not the wellbeing of Brazili
    Brazil_Hawkey_water_WCC_20170913_001.jpg
  • Three boys stand at a fence separating their village from huge fields of soybeans that have taken over community land in the Quilombo Bom Jardim, outside Santarem, Brazil. Soy is being planted throughout Brazil. Most of it is shipped to China.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T516.jpg
  • Rostan Gustavo Oliveira do Santos, 14, stands at the fence separating his family's house from huge fields of soybeans that have taken over community land in the Quilombo Bom Jardim, outside Santarem, Brazil. Soy is being planted throughout Brazil. Most of it is shipped to China.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T476.jpg
  • A scene in the Gaspar Garcia recycling unit in Sao Paolo, Brazil
    brazil_hawkey_20091127_233.jpg
  • A scene in the Gaspar Garcia recycling unit in Sao Paolo, Brazil
    brazil_hawkey_20091126_226.jpg
  • Celestina Fernandes da Silva, a Catholic activist, poses for a photo in front of her home in the Wapishana indigenous village of Tabalascada, in the Amazon region of Brazil.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-boavista-C29.jpg
  • Remigio Ireya, a Warao indigenous refugee from Venezuela, weaves to pass the time in Boa Vista, Brazil. He lives in a park that he and other Warao refugees invaded. They had previously been sheltered in a government refuge, but found the military-controlled environment oppressive. So they moved out and set up their own refuge in the park, where they receive some support from local Catholics.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-refugees-661.jpg
  • Valeria Figuera (left), 2, and Fabiani Cedenho, 3, both refugees from Venezuela, sit on the ground in Boa Vista, Brazil, enjoying breakfast provided by Consolata Missionary Sisters. The girls are cousins.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-refugees-276.jpg
  • Consolata Sister Inés Arciniegas visits with Venezuelan refugees who sleep in tents outside the main bus terminal in Boa Vista, Brazil.  Arciniegas is from Colombia.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-boa-vista-A038.jpg
  • A scene in the Gaspar Garcia recycling unit in Sao Paolo, Brazil
    brazil_hawkey_20091127_231.jpg
  • A scene in the Gaspar Garcia recycling unit in Sao Paolo, Brazil
    brazil_hawkey_20091126_224.jpg
  • A scene in the Gaspar Garcia recycling unit in Sao Paolo, Brazil
    brazil_hawkey_20091126_215.jpg
  • A scene in the Gaspar Garcia recycling unit in Sao Paolo, Brazil
    brazil_hawkey_20091126_217.jpg
  • A neighborhood in Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.
    brazil-2008-jeffrey-54.jpg
  • A teenage girl in Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.
    brazil-2008-jeffrey-53.jpg
  • Casia Rosemarie, a 17-year old mother of twins, in her home in Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.
    brazil-2008-jeffrey-52.jpg
  • Leonardo Duarte (right), a staff member of the Street Children Project in San Bernando do Campo, Brazil, visits Casia Rosemarie in her home. The 17-year old is mother of twins.
    brazil-2008-jeffrey-50.jpg
  • Paulo da Silva Bezerra, 56, checks a tree on his small farm in the village of Alive, outside Santarem, Brazil. His farm has quickly been surrounded by soy plantations, and da Silva complains that spray from the soy fields have damaged the fruit trees and other crops on his farm.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T460.jpg
  • Sebastiana Rodrigues is a teacher in Acaizal, a rural village in the Amazon near Santarem, Brazil.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T451.jpg
  • A girl holds a guayaba as she learns to walk in Acaizal, a rural village near Santarem, Brazil.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T434.jpg
  • A girl holds a guayaba as she learns to walk in Acaizal, a rural village near Santarem, Brazil.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T426.jpg
  • Veronica de Oliveira peels cassava outside her family’s home in Quilombo Bom Jardim, near Santarem, Brazil.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T249.jpg
  • Thatched roofing ready to be used in roofing a house in Quilombo Bom Jardim near Santarem, Brazil.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T223.jpg
  • Valdir Guimaraes, 33, repairs a fishing net in Quilombo Bom Jardim near Santarem, Brazil. Soy plantations are encroaching on the community, and its way of life, which is based on fishing and small-scale farming, could be drastically changed if a large river port planned for the area is built.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T216.jpg
  • Valdir Guimaraes, 33, repairs a fishing net in Quilombo Bom Jardim near Santarem, Brazil. Soy plantations are encroaching on the community, and its way of life, which is based on fishing and small-scale farming, could be drastically changed if a large river port planned for the area is built.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T197.jpg
  • Valdir Guimaraes, 33, repairs a fishing net in Quilombo Bom Jardim near Santarem, Brazil. Soy plantations are encroaching on the community, and its way of life, which is based on fishing and small-scale farming, could be drastically changed if a large river port planned for the area is built.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T188.jpg
  • A flower in the Ituqui River near the Quilombo Bom Jardim, outside Santarem, Brazil. The Ituqui flows into the nearby Amazon River.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T138.jpg
  • Rodrigo Oliveira checks his fishing net in the Ituqui River near his home in the Quilombo Bom Jardim, outside Santarem, Brazil. The Ituqui flows into the nearby Amazon River.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T125.jpg
  • A house rises about the Ituqui River near the Quilombo Bom Jardim, outside Santarem, Brazil. The Ituqui flows into the nearby Amazon River.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T039.jpg
  • Narivaldo Dos Santos paddles a boat on the Ituqui River near his home in the Quilombo Bom Jardim, outside Santarem, Brazil. The Ituqui flows into the nearby Amazon River.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-T045.jpg
  • A fisher peddles his catch at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K132.jpg
  • A fisher sells part of his catch at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K126.jpg
  • A fisher peddles his catch at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K129.jpg
  • A fisher strings together fish he has caught in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K122.jpg
  • A fisher strings together fish he has caught in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K116.jpg
  • A fisher strings together fish he has caught in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K112.jpg
  • A fisher strings together fish he has caught in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K090.jpg
  • A fisher peddles his catch at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K085.jpg
  • Fishers set out their catch to sell at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K078.jpg
  • A fisher sells part of his catch at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K080.jpg
  • A fisher sells part of his catch at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K057.jpg
  • A boy peddles his catch of fish at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K063.jpg
  • A fisher peddles his catch at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K054.jpg
  • A woman sells fresh fish at a dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K037.jpg
  • A fisher peddles his catch at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K049.jpg
  • A fisher carries his catch ashore at a dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K026.jpg
  • A fisher peddles his catch at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K015.jpg
  • A fisher sells part of his catch at the dock in Santarem, a city alongside the Amazon River in Brazil's northern Para state.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-K008.jpg
  • Francineide Silva da Sousa lives in a neighborhood in Altamira, Brazil, that was built for people displaced by the flooding caused by the Belo Monte dam. Yet she and many of her neighbors feel the houses are cramped and stifling compared to the places where they lived before. So she and her husband have built a new house on land at the edge of the reservoir behind the dam. Her husband still fishes the waters of the Xingu River, but the dam has disrupted the fish stocks, and he complains that flooded trees easily snag fishing nets.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-C...jpg
  • Francineide Silva da Sousa lives in a neighborhood in Altamira, Brazil, that was built for people displaced by the flooding caused by the Belo Monte dam. Here she is preparing dinner for her grandchildren, Eduardo, 13, Jennifer, 5, and Jameli, 1. She and many of her neighbors feel the houses are cramped and stifling compared to the places where they lived before. So she and her husband have built a new house on land at the edge of the reservoir behind the dam. Her husband still fishes the waters of the Xingu River, but the dam has disrupted the fish stocks, and he complains that flooded trees easily snag fishing nets.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-C...jpg
  • Edimilson Ferreira Nascimento, 37, leader of the God and Life Association, an organization of small farmers, prays over the food being prepared in his rural home near Anapu, in Brazil's northern Para State. Beside him is Sister Jane Dwyer, a Sister of Notre Dame de Namur from the United States. The area has seen violent conflict between small farmers, who are backed by local church activists, and large ranchers and loggers.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-B...jpg
  • Edimilson Ferreira Nascimento, 37, leader of the God and Life Association, an organization of small farmers, speaks to a gathering near Anapu, in Brazil's northern Para State. The area has seen violent conflict between small farmers, who are backed by local church activists, and large ranchers and loggers.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-B...jpg
  • A woman speaks during a gathering of small farmers near Anapu, in Brazil's northern Para State. The area has seen violent conflict between small farmers, who are backed by local church activists, and large ranchers and loggers.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-B...jpg
  • Edimilson Ferreira Nascimento, 37, leader of the God and Life Association, an organization of small farmers, speaks to a gathering near Anapu, in Brazil's northern Para State. The area has seen violent conflict between small farmers, who are backed by local church activists, and large ranchers and loggers.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-B...jpg
  • A red cross stands beside the grave in Anapu, Brazil, of Norte Dame de Namur Sister Dorothy Stang, a US nun who was assassinated in 2005. The red cross bears the names of 16 local rights activists who have been murdered since Stang's killing. Church activists say the killings continue, and they're about to erect a second red cross with even more names.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-A...jpg
  • Antonia Silva Lima, a farmer in the Brazilian Amazon where Norte Dame de Namur Sister Dorothy Stang worked, prays beside the grave of the U.S. nun in Anapu, Brazil. Stang was assassinated in 2005. The red cross bears the names of 16 local rights activists who have been murdered since Stang's killing. Church activists say the killings continue, and they're about to erect a second red cross with even more names.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-A...jpg
  • Antonia Silva Lima, a farmer in the Brazilian Amazon where Norte Dame de Namur Sister Dorothy Stang worked, prays at the grave of the U.S. nun in Anapu, Brazil. Stang was assassinated in 2005. The red cross beside Stang's grave bears the names of 16 local rights activists who have been murdered since Stang's killing. Church activists say the killings continue, and they're about to erect a second red cross with even more names.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-A...jpg
  • A roadside sign asking drivers to stay in their lane, literally to "stay in single file," near Anapu, Brazil. The buzzards are modeling the correct behavior.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-A...jpg
  • A red cross stands beside the grave in Anapu, Brazil, of Norte Dame de Namur Sister Dorothy Stang, a US nun who was assassinated in 2005. The red cross bears the names of 16 local rights activists who have been murdered since Stang's killing. Church activists say the killings continue, and they're about to erect a second red cross with even more names.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-A...jpg
  • Retired Bishop Erwin Krautler poses for a photo April 12, 2019, in Altamira, Brazil. The bishop, who served in the Amazon region of Para state, has long been a fierce defender of poor and indigenous peoples in Brazil.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-santarem-Belen-A...jpg
  • Marcela Diaz de Albuquerque, 38 (right), a Caritas education specialist, talks with Marcia Soares, 39, and her daughter, Emily, 9, at the Caritas office in Manaus, Brazil. Soares and her family live in a building occupied by dozens of families whose homes were bulldozed on Christmas Eve in 2015. Caritas supports the families in several ways, including bringing them to a weekly educational and cultural program to combat sexual abuse and exploitation among at-risk children.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-C268.jpg
  • A girl dances with other children as they participate in a group activity in the office of Caritas in Manaus, Brazil. The weekly gathering is part of an educational and cultural program to combat sexual abuse and exploitation among at-risk children sponsored by the Catholic Church's social ministry.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-C216.jpg
  • A girl dances with other children as they participate in a group activity in the office of Caritas in Manaus, Brazil. The weekly gathering is part of an educational and cultural program to combat sexual abuse and exploitation among at-risk children sponsored by the Catholic Church's social ministry.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-C207.jpg
  • Five-year old Deborah reaches to share in an exercise with older children as they participate in a group activity in the office of Caritas in Manaus, Brazil. The weekly gathering is part of an educational and cultural program to combat sexual abuse and exploitation among at-risk children sponsored by the Catholic Church's social ministry. <br />
<br />
Written parental consent obtained.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-C193.jpg
  • Rosilane Oliviera dances at the office of Caritas in Manaus, Brazil. The 7-year old girl participates in an educational and cultural program to combat sexual abuse and exploitation among at-risk children sponsored by the Catholic Church's social ministry. <br />
<br />
Written parental consent obtained.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-C167.jpg
  • Rosilane Oliviera dances at the office of Caritas in Manaus, Brazil. The 7-year old girl participates in an educational and cultural program to combat sexual abuse and exploitation among at-risk children sponsored by the Catholic Church's social ministry. <br />
<br />
Written parental consent obtained.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-C166.jpg
  • A girl dances with other children during a group activity in the office of Caritas in Manaus, Brazil. The weekly gathering is part of an educational and cultural program to combat sexual abuse and exploitation among at-risk children sponsored by the Catholic Church's social ministry.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-C129.jpg
  • A girl dances with other children during a group activity in the office of Caritas in Manaus, Brazil. The weekly gathering is part of an educational and cultural program to combat sexual abuse and exploitation among at-risk children sponsored by the Catholic Church's social ministry.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-C131.jpg
  • Andrea Cordoro hugs her daughter Deborah, 5, as they participate in a group activity in the office of Caritas in Manaus, Brazil. The weekly gathering is part of an educational and cultural program to combat sexual abuse and exploitation among at-risk children sponsored by the Catholic Church's social ministry. <br />
<br />
Written parental consent obtained.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-C090.jpg
  • A boy and his mother participate in a group activity in the office of Caritas in Manaus, Brazil. The weekly gathering is part of an educational and cultural program to combat sexual abuse and exploitation among at-risk children sponsored by the Catholic Church's social ministry.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-C084.jpg
  • Children join in a game in the office of Caritas in Manaus, Brazil. These girls participate in an educational and cultural program designed to combat sexual abuse and exploitation among at-risk children sponsored by the Catholic Church's social ministry.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-C068.jpg
  • Five-year old Deborah runs through the hallway of a building her family occupied last year in Manaus, Brazil. The Kokama indigenous family migrated to the city in 2018, joining with other poor families to take over an unoccupied building--the Casa do Estudante--in the city center.<br />
<br />
Written parental consent obtained.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-A142.jpg
  • Residents of an occupied building in Manaus, Brazil. The mostly indigenous families seized the unoccupied Casa do Estudante in the city center in 2018.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-A127.jpg
  • Elissandra Oliveira da Silva poses with her five children in the one-room apartment they share in a building in Manaus, Brazil. They moved to the city three years ago but,  unable to find decent housing they could afford, joined with other poor families to take over an unoccupied building--the Casa do Estudante--in the city center. Caritas, a ministry of the Catholic Church, has helped the families in their struggle for dignified housing.<br />
<br />
Written parental consent obtained.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-A120.jpg
  • Andrea Cordoro poses with her daughters Ana Paula (left) 11, and Deborah, 5, in their small room in a building in Manaus, Brazil. The Kokama indigenous family migrated to the city in 2018, but unable to find decent housing they could afford, they joined with other poor families to take over an unoccupied building--the Casa do Estudante--in the city center. Caritas, a ministry of the Catholic Church, has helped the families in their struggle.<br />
<br />
Written parental consent obtained.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-A115.jpg
  • Andrea Cordoro poses with her daughters Ana Paula (left) 11, and Deborah, 5, in their small room in a building in Manaus, Brazil. The Kokama indigenous family migrated to the city in 2018, but unable to find decent housing they could afford, they joined with other poor families to take over an unoccupied building--the Casa do Estudante--in the city center. Caritas, a ministry of the Catholic Church, has helped the families in their struggle.<br />
<br />
Written parental consent obtained.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-A110.jpg
  • Andrea Cordoro poses with her daughters Ana Paula (left) 11, and Deborah, 5, in their small room in a building in Manaus, Brazil. The Kokama indigenous family migrated to the city in 2018, but unable to find decent housing they could afford, they joined with other poor families to take over an unoccupied building--the Casa do Estudante--in the city center. Caritas, a ministry of the Catholic Church, has helped the families in their struggle.<br />
<br />
Written parental consent obtained.
    brazil-2019-jeffrey-manaus-A105.jpg
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